Use of a tertiary salt flux of nacl, kci and mgcl2 for the purification of aluminium or aluminium alloys, and method thereof

ABSTRACT

A method for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, wherein said metal is in a liquid phase and is contacted with a salt flux consisting of a selected tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl 2 .

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 of Jun. 8, 2009, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 of Jun. 8, 2009 relates to the use of a binary salt flux comprising NaCl and MgCl₂ for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, more particularly for the removal of alkali and alkaline-earth metals. This invention also relates to a method for the purification of said metal with said binary salt flux. Those NaCl/MgCl₂ binary mixtures have shown unexpected economical advantages with respect to KCl/MgCl₂ binary mixtures and few NaCl/KCl/MgCl₂ tertiary mixtures that were also known, for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, more particularly for the removal of alkali and alkaline-earth metals.

Now the Applicant has discovered that some selected NaCl/KCl/MgCl₂ tertiary mixtures, different from those already known, have shown unexpected technical and/or economical advantages for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, in view of existing NaCl/KCl/MgCl₂ tertiary mixture and even in view of NaCl/MgCl₂ binary mixtures.

Also, these selected tertiary mixtures according to the invention further show a low melting point.

The invention also relates to a method for the purification of said metal with said selected ternary salt flux.

PRIOR ART

The use of fluxes is well known in the field of metallurgy and these fluxes fulfill various functions.

Fluxes can be used to form a protecting layer at the surface of an alloy to prevent oxidation. When fluxes contain chemical active agents, they can be used to clean furnace walls by softening accumulated layers of corundum. Some exothermic fluxes are also used for cleaning dross and removing aluminum trapped in oxide layers.

Fluxes that are based on alkali chlorides and alkaline-earth chlorides are also used for the refining of alloys. Those skilled in the art generally define refining as the removal of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, non metallic inclusions and hydrogen from the alloys.

Sodium and calcium are always present as impurities in aluminum obtained from the Hall-Héroult process. Lithium fluoride is often added to the electrolytic bath to improve the efficiency of cells. However, a small amount in the metallic state is found dissolved in the aluminum. These impurities entail quality issues. For example, in an alloy containing magnesium, the presence of sodium may interfere during the hot rolling processes. The presence of sodium in aluminum and silicon alloys neutralize the effect of phosphorus used for the refining of grains. For the above-mentioned reasons, the use of fluxes containing sodium is not recommended for aluminum and its alloys, more particularly for aluminum alloys comprising a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight or a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.

Also, the presence of hydrogen in too high concentration may lead to a too high porosity of the aluminum during its solidification. During the recycling of aluminum, the presence of non metallic inclusions is important.

Reactional kinetics for the withdrawal of calcium and sodium in an aluminum alloy have been well studied. Naturally, in these alloys, both impurities disappear according to a kinetic of order 1 for small concentrations and order 0 for high concentrations. Because of its high vapor tension, sodium oxidizes itself more rapidly than calcium, that is why calcium is used during cleaning tests. The addition of fluxes involves an increase of reactional constants and thereby a faster reduction of the content in impurities. Mixing also has a non negligible effect on the reduction of impurities. Mixing accelerates the withdrawal of impurities by increasing the contact between impurities and the salt flux.

MgCl₂ is one of the chemical active agents used for the withdrawal of impurities in alloys. Its concentration has a direct effect on the kinetic of withdrawal of calcium and sodium. Its melting point is 714° C., but in common fluxes, it is mixed with other salts to obtain a melting point between 400 and 550° C. However, MgCl₂ is hygroscopic and can not be exposed for a long period of time to the surrounding air. Fluxes obtained by fusion of salts comprising magnesium chloride have hygroscopic properties. Consequently, the packaging is an important factor in limiting the absorption of humidity during the manufacturing of such fluxes.

There are examples of fluxes that are based on magnesium chloride. U.S. Pat. No. 1,377,374 relates to the use of a flux having an equimolar composition of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride for the production of manganese or magnesium alloys. U.S. Pat. No. 1,754,788 relates to the use of this same flux in a process for the cleaning of magnesium. U.S. Pat. No. 1,519,128 relates to the addition of calcium chloride to this composition and U.S. Pat. No. 2,262,105 relates to the addition of potassium chloride and magnesium oxide in addition to the calcium chloride. U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,427 mentions a flux based on sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride and carbon for the treatment of metal.

The article entitled “Salt Fluxes for Alkali and Alkali and Alkaline Earth Element Removal from Molten Aluminum” by David H. DeYoung shows the use of a ternary salt based on magnesium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride for the removal of sodium, calcium and lithium from aluminum alloys. However, the article entitled “The Treatment of Liquid Aluminum-Silicon Alloys” by Gruzleski et al., pp. 204-205 indicates that it is important to those skilled in the art, not to use fluxes containing sodium salts. Therefore, even if a ternary flux salts having low content in sodium salts may be tolerated, those skilled in the art are expressly invited to avoid using sodium salts.

Initially, the refining of aluminum was carried out by bubbling of chlorine and argon in the liquid metal. However, this created environmental problems due to emissions of chlorine, chlorhydric acid and particles in suspension. The use of salt fluxes was later adopted as a more ecologically-friendly solution.

The refining fluxes are usually composed of alkali chlorides or alkaline-earth chlorides, which are mixed to obtain melting points that are lower than the operating temperature of alloys—the melting point of pure compounds being usually quite high.

Several methods can be used to incorporate salt fluxes in an alloy. U.S. Pat. No. 4,099,965 relates to a method where a flux of KCl and MgCl₂ is added in solid form in the bottom of a preheated container before the addition of aluminum. More currently, fluxes are added by an inert gas in a pipe under the surface of the metal (lance fluxing). Recently, a method was developed where a hollow shaft brings the salt flux in the alloy with a gas carrier, and the salt flux is dispersed by an agitator (rotary flux injection). This method reduces the amount of salt flux required for carrying out the purification while increasing the dispersion of this salt flux in the alloy. Following the addition of a salt flux to the metal, impurities and salts float on the surface of the liquid metal and can be easily removed.

Advantageously, the use of solid compounds obtained by melting of salts controls the granulometry. Particles may be used in batch processes or in continuous processes.

However, costs related to salt fluxes such as binary mixtures of magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, are high. Furthermore, the use of salt fluxes having a substantial content in sodium chloride is not recommended by those skilled in the art due to perceived negative effects of sodium content in the resulting aluminum or aluminum alloys. In fact, when sodium chloride is present in fluxes for the purification of aluminum or aluminum alloys, those skilled in the art currently will avoid or limit the use of sodium chloride. More particularly, in the case of certain kinds of alloys such as, for example, aluminum alloys having silicon content higher than 10% by weight and more particularly aluminum alloys having magnesium content higher than 3% by weight, those skilled in the art currently recommend not using sodium chloride in salt flux.

As already mentioned in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, during Applicant's search for a more effective solution to the purification problem, it was surprisingly noted that contrary to current apprehensions and beliefs of those skilled in the art, it is possible in a salt flux containing MgCl₂, to replace expensive KCl by inexpensive NaCl. Such a substitution offers an economical solution for the treatment of aluminum or aluminum alloys with an efficiency of purification that is equivalent to methods presently used. Indeed, contrary to apprehensions of those skilled in the art, there is no significant amount of sodium in the resulting aluminum or aluminum alloys when using the inventive purification method described herein.

Furthermore, during recent additional searches made by the Applicant, it was surprisingly noted that contrary to current apprehensions and beliefs of those skilled in the art, it is possible in a salt flux containing MgCl₂, to replace only a portion of the expensive KCl by inexpensive NaCl, to form some selected tertiary salt fluxes of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, which contrary to existing NaCl/KCl/MgCl₂ salt fluxes and even in view of NaCl/MgCl₂ binary mixtures, show unexpected technical and/or economical advantages for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys. Also, these selected tertiary mixtures according to the invention further show a low melting point. Again, contrary to apprehensions of those skilled in the art, there is no significant amount of sodium in the resulting aluminum or aluminum alloys when using the inventive purification method described herein. Furthermore, these selected tertiary salt fluxes of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ also relates to a method for the purification of said metal with said selected ternary salt flux.

Embodiments of the selected tertiary salt fluxes of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ making the object of the present invention, show the following advantages:

-   -   Economical advantages         -   a Lower production costs because the melting point of the             flux is lower.         -   a Lower costs of raw material.     -   Efficiency equivalent to the purification methods using an         existing well known salt flux sold under the trademark Promag         (40 wt % KCl-60 wt % MgCl₂).     -   Economical alternative to existing product sold under the         trademark Promag without creating any significant accumulation         of sodium within aluminum or aluminum alloys.

A first preferred aspect of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to the use of a salt flux for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, said metal being in liquid phase and said salt flux being a binary mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂.

A second preferred aspect of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a method for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, wherein said method comprises:

-   -   heating the metal to a liquid phase; and     -   contacting the liquid metal with a salt flux consisting of a         binary mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined hereinabove, wherein more than 22% by weight of said binary mixture consists of NaCl.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the salt flux:

-   -   is a binary mixture of particles of NaCl and particles of MgCl₂;         or     -   consists of particles resulting from the grinding of a fused         salt of NaCl and MgCl₂ in solid state; or     -   is a liquid mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined in any one of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein the binary mixture comprises: a) from 40 to 50% by weight of NaCl; and b) from 50 to 60% by weight of MgCl₂. More particularly, this binary mixture comprises 45% by weight of NaCl and 55% by weight of MgCl₂ to form an eutectic mixture having a melting point of about 439° C.

Another embodiment of the invention of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined in any one of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein when the salt flux is in the form of particles, those particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 3.35 mm. Preferably, said particles may have a particle size between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm or between 100 μm and 1 mm.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined in any one of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein the particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment. A non limiting example of a gas injection equipment may consist of a rotary injector known under the tradename SNIF PHD-50 commercialized by the Applicant.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined in any one of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.

Another embodiment of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010 is related to a use or a method as defined in any one of the above-mentioned embodiments, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, wherein said method comprises:

-   -   heating the metal to a liquid phase; and     -   contacting the liquid metal with a salt flux consisting of a         tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂,         said salt flux being selected in the group consisting of:     -   salt fluxes in the form of a tertiary mixture of particles and         comprising more than 22% by weight of NaCl;     -   salt fluxes in the form of particles obtained by grinding a         fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ and having the following         formulations:         -   5-18% by weight of NaCl,         -   17-60% by weight of KCl,         -   35-65% by weight of MgCl₂;     -   salt fluxes in the form of particles obtained by grinding a         fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ and having the following         formulations:         -   22-55% by weight of NaCl,         -   13-43% by weight of KCl,         -   35-65% by weight of MgCl₂; and     -   salt fluxes in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is a ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, wherein more than 22% by weight of said tertiary mixture consists of NaCl.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, comprises:

-   -   a) from more than 22 to 30% by weight of NaCl,     -   b) from 5 to 43% by weight of KCl, and     -   c) from 35 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, comprises:

-   -   a) 25% by weight of NaCl,     -   b) 15% by weight of KCl, and     -   c) 60% by weight of particles of MgCl₂;         said tertiary mixture having a melting point of about 417° C.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, have an average particle size comprised between 100 μm and 3.35 mm, or comprised between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm, or comprised between 100 μm and 1 mm.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂, having the following formulations:

-   -   5-18% by weight of NaCl,     -   17-60% by weight of KCl,     -   35-65% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂, having the following formulations:

-   -   22-55% by weight of NaCl,     -   13-43% by weight of KCl, and     -   35-65% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂, having the following formulations:

-   -   25% by weight of NaCl,     -   15% by weight of KCl, and     -   60% by weight of MgCl₂;         said tertiary mixture having a melting point of about 417° C.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂, have an average particle size comprised between 100 μm and 3.35 mm, or comprised between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm, or comprised between 100 μm and 1 mm.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂, are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ comprising:

-   -   from 10 to 35% by weight of NaCl,     -   from 5 to 45% by weight of KCl, and     -   from 40 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ comprising more than 22% by weight of said liquid tertiary mixture consists of NaCl.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ comprising

-   -   from more than 22 to 35% by weight of NaCl,     -   from 5 to 38% by weight of KCl, and     -   from 40 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein said salt flux is in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂ comprising:

-   -   25% by weight of NaCl,     -   15% by weight of KCl, and     -   60% by weight of MgCl₂.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as defined hereinabove, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.

The present invention will be better understood with reference to the following drawings:

FIG. 1: a phase diagram of a fused salt KCl/NaCl/MgCl₂;

FIG. 2: a phase diagram of a fused salt KCl/MgCl₂;

FIG. 3: a phase diagram of a fused salt NaCl/MgCl₂;

FIG. 4: a comparative graphic concerning examples 5 to 8; and

FIG. 5: a comparative graphic concerning examples 9 to 12.

Phase diagrams of FIGS. 1 to 3 were extracted from factsage web site (http://factsage.com).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

As already mentioned in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, especially in examples 1 to 8, which are reproduced hereinafter, the Applicant has noted, contrary to apprehensions of those skilled in the art, that formulations of salt fluxes comprising a binary mixture of NaCl and MgCl₂ do not involve an increase of the concentration of metallic sodium in an aluminum alloy having magnesium content. A non limiting example of such an aluminum alloy may consist of an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content of 5% by weight. Consequently, it appears that there is no counter-indication of using a binary salt flux comprising NaCl and MgCl₂ for cleaning aluminum, especially in the case of an aluminum alloy with high magnesium content.

In co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, formulations which were based on NaCl and MgCl₂, show melting points that are lower than those of salt flux compositions sold by the Applicant under the trademark Promag (40 wt % KCl, 60 wt % MgCl₂), for equivalent amounts of MgCl₂ which is the chemically active agent for the withdrawal of impurities. The lowering of melting points represents a lowering of energy costs when melting the solid salt flux.

Furthermore, in said co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, two fused salts were considered, that is (on a weight basis) the following binary system salt flux and ternary system salt flux:

-   -   45% NaCl and 55% MgCl₂ with a melting point of 439° C.; and     -   20% NaCl, 20% KCl and 60% MgCl₂ with a melting point of 396° C.

Also, in said co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, example 1 illustrates an unexpected effect with regard to the sodium concentration in an aluminum alloy when NaCl is added in a liquid aluminum alloy, that is, no increase of the sodium content in the alloy obtained. Said example 1 is reproduced hereinafter.

As mentioned in said co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/480,010, preparation of each salt flux was made by mixing the salts in an anhydrous solid phase in an appropriate oven. Then, by increasing the temperature of the oven, a fused compound in liquid form was obtained. The liquid was then cooled down quickly, grinded and sifted to obtain a granulometry that was appropriate for the selected method. In example 7 hereinafter, the salt flux was made only by mixing the salts in an anhydrous solid phase.

Salt fluxes have shown an optimal efficiency for the withdrawal of Ca, Na and Li when used with a rotary injector such as a SNIF PHD-50 (tradename) commercialized by the Applicant (Pyrotek). Of course, other methods of addition well known to those skilled in the art and already mentioned for use in connection with prior art purification methods can be used to carry out the purification. The concentrations of salt fluxes required to carry out the purification may vary depending on the selected method.

EXAMPLE 1

In a crucible made of graphite, one hundred grams (100 g) of NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL were agitated in 1.5 kg of a liquid AA110 aluminum (sold under the trademark Alcan) in which 5 wt % of solid magnesium were added. The crucible was maintained at 850° C. during the whole test. Samples were taken every day during 7 days. According to these daily analyses, the sodium content of the resulting aluminum alloy was at a minimal level of 2 ppm during the whole test, showing that, contrary to apprehensions of those skilled in the art, an addition of NaCl does not involve an absorption of sodium in an aluminum alloy with high magnesium content.

EXAMPLE 2

In a graphite crucible, fifteen grams (15 g) of a salt flux consisting of a binary mixture of 45 wt % NaCl and 55 wt % MgCl₂ were agitated in 1.5 kg of a liquid AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) in which 5 wt % of magnesium were added. The crucible was maintained at 720° C. during 90 minutes and samples were taken every 30 minutes. The sodium level in the crucible was maintained at a minimal level of 3 ppm during the whole experiment, showing that an addition of a flux comprising NaCl does not involve an absorption of sodium in an aluminum alloy with high magnesium content. The salt flux was prepared from NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL and MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE.

EXAMPLE 3

In a graphite crucible, fifteen grams (15 g) of a salt flux consisting of a ternary mixture of 20 wt % NaCl, 20 wt % KCl and 60 wt % MgCl₂ were agitated and added in 1.5 kg of a liquid AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) in which 5 wt % of magnesium were added. The crucible was maintained at 720° C. during 90 minutes and samples were taken every 30 minutes. The sodium level in the crucible was maintained at a minimal level of 3 ppm during the whole experiment, showing that an addition of a ternary flux comprising a small amount of NaCl does not involve an absorption of sodium in an aluminum alloy with high magnesium content. The salt flux was prepared from NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL, KCl in powder form and sold under the trademark IMC KALIUM and MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE.

EXAMPLE 4

About seventy-five kilos (75 kg) of A356 alloy were melted and maintained in a liquid state at 700° C. in a crucible made of silicon carbide. Then, 535 g of an aluminum alloy containing 10% by weight of calcium were added to the liquid A356 alloy while mixing it with an agitator having straight blades. Then the resulting aluminum alloy contained in the crucible was left without agitation for 5 hours. During this time, the calcium content of the resulting aluminum alloy was reduced from 350 ppm to 150 ppm. Then, three hundred and sixty grams (360 g) of a salt flux made of 45 wt % NaCl and 55 wt % MgCl₂ were added to the resulting alloy while agitating it in order to further purify it. The salt flux was prepared from NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL and MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE.

Analyses made on the purified aluminum alloy have shown a reduction of the Ca content from 150 ppm to 70 ppm, that is a reduction of 53%, immediately after the addition of the salt flux, and this Ca content drops to 25 ppm 3 hours after the addition. Also, analyses have shown that the sodium content was in the order of 2 ppm.

EXAMPLE 5

Fifty grams of a flux were prepared in a small alumina crucible by mixing 22.5 grams of NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL, and 27.5 grams of MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE. The mixture was subjected to a temperature of 550° C. during 45 minutes. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded with in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. Samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

Analyses of samples have shown a reduction of the Ca level from 115 ppm to 3 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Thirty minutes later, the calcium level was under 2 ppm. No increase in the sodium content was noted during the test. The level of sodium in the alloy was in the order of 2 ppm.

EXAMPLE 6

Fifty grams of a salt flux were prepared in a small alumina crucible by mixing 10 grams of NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL, 10 grams of KCl in powder form and sold under the trademark IMC KALIUM, and 30 grams of MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE. The mixture was subjected to a temperature of 550° C. during 45 minutes. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

The analysis of samples shows a reduction of the Ca level from 108 ppm to 7 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Thirty minutes later, the calcium level was at 2 ppm and after 60 minutes the calcium level was under 1 ppm. No increase in sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 2 ppm. This example shows that a ternary flux having a low content in NaCl does not increase the level of sodium in the alloy.

EXAMPLE 7

Fifty grams of a salt flux were prepared only by mixing 22.5 grams of NaCl in powder form and sold under the trademark SIFTO INDUSTRIAL with a granulometry 95% lower than 840 microns and 95% higher than 300 microns, and 27.5 grams of MgCl₂ in flake form and sold under the trademark SKYLINE with a granulometry 90% lower than 4.7 mm and 85% higher to 1 mm.

Two kg of AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid phase at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. Agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

Analyses of samples have shown a reduction of the Ca level from 77 ppm to 2 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Thirty minutes later, the calcium level was under 1 ppm. No increase in the sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 2 ppm.

EXAMPLE 8

Two kg of AA1100 aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. Stirring was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the PROMAG SI (trademark) formed of 40 wt % KCl and 60 wt % MgCl₂, with a granulometry 99% lower than 3150 microns and 95% higher than 850 microns, were added to the alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were later taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

Analyses of samples have shown a reduction of the Ca level from 75 ppm to 7 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Thirty minutes later the calcium level was under 5 ppm (see FIG. 4). These analyses show that binary fluxes of NaCl and MgCl₂ are more efficient than a ternary flux of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ or a binary flux of KCl and MgCl₂.

Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 NaCl—MgCl₂ NaCl—KCl—MgCl₂ NaCl—MgCl₂ Promag SI* (45-55) (20-20-60) (45-55) (KCl—MgCl₂) Reference Time Fused Fused Mix (40-60) (no flux) After Ca 115 108 77 75 77 After salt 3 7 2 7 — 30 min <1 2 <1 <5 58 60 min <1 <1 <1 <5 — 90 min <1 <1 <1 <5 — 120 min — — — — 39 *trademark

EXAMPLE 9

Fifty grams of flux were prepared by mixing 12.5 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 7.5 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 30 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. until completely melt. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of P1020A aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

The analysis of samples shows a reduction of the Ca level from 62 ppm to 8 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Thirty minutes later, the calcium level was lower than 5 ppm. No increase in sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 5 ppm.

EXAMPLE 10

Fifty grams of flux were prepared by mixing 10 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 10 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 30 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. until completely melt. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of P1020A aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

The analysis of samples shows a reduction of the Ca level from 59 ppm to 15 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Ninety minutes later, the calcium level was lower than 5 ppm. No increase in sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 5 ppm.

EXAMPLE 11

Fifty grams of flux were prepared by mixing 12.5 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 10 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 27.5 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. until completely melt. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of P1020A aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

The analysis of samples shows a reduction of the Ca level from 50 ppm to 12 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Ninety minutes later, the calcium level was lower than 5 ppm. No increase in sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 5 ppm.

EXAMPLE 12

Fifty grams of flux were prepared by mixing 5 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 22.5 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 22.5 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. until completely melt. The liquid mixture obtained was then poured into an enamelled-coated bowl for quick solidification. The salt flux obtained was then grinded in a mortar and sifted. The fraction having a particle size lower than 3150 microns and higher than 105 microns was recovered.

Two kg of P1020A aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. Two grams of the salt flux formed hereinabove were added to the liquid aluminum alloy doped with calcium while agitating for 2 minutes. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later.

The analysis of samples shows a reduction of the Ca level from 58 ppm to 8 ppm after the addition of the salt flux. Sixty minutes later, the calcium level was lower than 5 ppm. No increase in sodium content was noted during the test. The sodium level was in the order of 5 ppm.

EXAMPLE 13

Two kg of P1020A aluminum alloy (sold under the trademark Alcan) were melted and kept in liquid state at 700° C. in a graphite crucible. To this alloy, 2 grams of an aluminum alloy consisting of 90 wt % of aluminum and 10 wt % of calcium (sold under the trademark KB Alloys) were added in a vortex formed with an agitator in the liquid metal, said agitator having straight blades. The agitation was maintained during 2 minutes. A sample of the metal was taken for analysis. The agitation was stopped and samples were taken immediately after the end of the agitation as well as 30, 60 and 90 minutes later. The analysis of samples shows the Ca level over time.

Data related to concentration of Ca in ppm and obtained from examples 9 to 13 are summarized in the following table and illustrated in FIG. 5:

Composition (MgCl₂/KCl/NaCl) in weight % Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13 60/15/25 60/20/20 55/20/25 45/45/10 No flux After addition 61.80 58.53 49.97 58.27 57.77 of Ca After addition 8.07 14.70 11.90 8.17 52.63 of flux (2 min) After addition 4.93 9.10 7.87 5.07 43.90 of flux (30 min) After addition 4.63 6.50 5.90 5.00 31.93 of flux (60 min) After addition 4.50 4.87 4.83 3.90 22.43 of flux (90 min)

From the data contained in the above mentioned examples 9 to 13, it appears that exemplified ternary mixtures show that similarly to what was noted for MgCl₂/KCl binary mixture and MgCl₂/NaCl binary mixture, there was no increase of the residual level in sodium. In addition, with reference to data contained in the above mentioned table, the efficiency of the reduction of the Ca level in aluminum is very important with respect to what was noted in example 13 and surprisingly faster than what was noted in example 10. The efficiency in Ca level reduction after 90 minutes is similar to what was noted with binary mixtures of MgCl₂/KCl and MgCl₂/NaCl.

Melting Points Determination EXAMPLE 14

Sixty grams of flux were prepared by mixing 26.40 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 33.60 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 550° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 486° C.

EXAMPLE 15

Seventy five grams of flux were prepared by mixing 32.14 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), and 42.86 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 580° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 443° C.

EXAMPLE 16

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 17.129 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 13.923 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 38.948 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 390° C.

EXAMPLE 17

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 7.7 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 31.01 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 31.29 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 535° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 403° C.

EXAMPLE 18

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 10.024 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 19.173 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 40.803 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 560° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 430° C.

EXAMPLE 19

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 15.379 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 13.720 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 40.901 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 560° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 398° C.

EXAMPLE 20

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 22.288 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 5.012 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 42.7 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 560° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 442° C.

EXAMPLE 21

Seventy grams of flux were prepared by mixing 17.5 grams of NaCl in powder form (sold under the trademark Sifto Industrial), 10.5 grams of KCl in powder form (sold under the trademark IMC Kalium) and 42 grams of anhydrous MgCl₂ in flake form (sold under the trademark Slyline), in a small alumina crucible. The mixture was exposed at a temperature of 560° C. for 30 minutes. The crucible was then removed from the oven and isolated in wool for the cooling. The temperature of the mixture was recorded until being stable. The melting point was of 417° C.

Data related to melting points obtained from examples 14 to 21 are summarized in the following table:

Compositions (wt. %) Approx. Examples MgCl₂ KCl NaCl Melting point ° C. 14 56.00 44.00 0.00 486 15 57.14 0.00 42.86 443 16 55.64 19.89 24.47 390 17 44.70 44.30 11.00 403 18 58.29 14.32 27.39 430 19 58.43 19.60 21.97 398 20 61.00 7.16 31.84 442 21 60.00 15.00 25.00 417

It appears from the above table that a ternary mixture always have a melting point lower that is lower that the one of the binary mixture MgCl₂/KCl or the binary mixture MgCl₂/NaCl. In this regard, it is to be noted that a lowering in the melting point of MgCl₂/KCl/NaCl tertiary mixtures allows an economical reduction of costs concerning energy and raw material. Indeed, there will be a substantial economy of energy for the preparation of fused and liquid ternary mixtures, and an economical reduction of costs in raw material, sodium chloride being 6 to 8 times cheaper than KCl.

In view of the foregoing, it appears that tertiary mixtures of MgCl₂/KCl/NaCl having low melting points provide an efficient and fast reduction of the calcium level in liquid aluminum, and that tertiary mixtures of examples 9, 11 and 12 surprisingly show a faster reduction of the calcium level in liquid aluminum.

The present invention has been described with respect to its preferred embodiments. The description and the drawings are only intended to aid to the understanding of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that numerous variations and modifications can be made to the implementation of the invention without being outside the scope of the invention. Such variations and modifications are covered by the present invention. The invention will be now described in the following claims: 

1. A method for the purification of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, wherein said method comprises: heating the metal to a liquid phase; and contacting the liquid metal with a salt flux consisting of a tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, said salt flux being selected in the group consisting of: salt fluxes in the form of a tertiary mixture of particles and comprising more than 22% by weight of NaCl; salt fluxes in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ and having the following formulations: 5-18% by weight of NaCl, 17-60% by weight of KCl, 35-65% by weight of MgCl₂; salt fluxes in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ and having the following formulations: more than 22 to 55% by weight of NaCl, 13-43% by weight of KCl, 35-65% by weight of MgCl₂; and salt fluxes in the form of a liquid tertiary mixture.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt flux is a ternary mixture of particles of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂, wherein more than 22% by weight of said tertiary mixture consists of NaCl.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein particles have an average particle size comprised between 100 μm and 3.35 mm.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said particles have an average size particle comprised between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said particles have an average particle size comprised between 100 μm and 1 mm.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein said particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein said tertiary mixture comprises: a) from more than 22 to 30% by weight of NaCl, b) from 5 to 43% by weight of KCl, and c) from 35 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein said tertiary mixture comprises: a) 25% by weight of NaCl, b) 15% by weight of KCl, and c) 60% by weight of particles of MgCl₂; said tertiary mixture having a melting point of about 417° C.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein particles have an average particle size comprised between 100 μm and 3.35 mm.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said particles have an average size particle between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 1 mm.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein said particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ having the following formulations: 5-18% by weight of NaCl, 17-60% by weight of KCl, 35-65% by weight of MgCl₂.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 3.35 mm.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said particles have an average size particle between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 1 mm.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt flux is in the form of particles obtained by grinding a fused salt of NaCl, KCl and MgCl₂ having the following formulations: more than 22 to 55% by weight of NaCl, 13-43% by weight of KCl, 35-65% by weight of MgCl₂.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 3.35 mm.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said particles have an average size particle between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 1 mm.
 22. The method of claim 18, wherein said particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.
 23. The method according to claim 18, wherein said tertiary mixture comprises: a) 25% by weight of NaCl, b) 15% by weight of KCl, and c) 60% by weight of MgCl₂; said tertiary mixture having a melting point of about 417° C.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 3.35 mm.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein said particles have an average size particle between 0.85 mm and 3.15 mm.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein said particles have an average particle size between 100 μm and 1 mm.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein said particles are contacted with the liquid metal by injection with a gas injection equipment.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt flux is a liquid tertiary mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said liquid tertiary mixture comprises: a) from 10 to 35% by weight of NaCl, b) from 5 to 45% by weight of KCl, and c) from 40 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.
 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein more than 22% by weight of said liquid tertiary mixture consists of NaCl.
 31. The method according to claim 28, wherein said liquid tertiary mixture comprises: a) from more than 22 to 35% by weight of NaCl, b) from 5 to 38% by weight of KCl, and c) from 40 to 65% by weight of MgCl₂.
 32. The method according to claim 28, wherein said tertiary mixture comprises: a) 25% by weight of NaCl, b) 15% by weight of KCl, and c) 60% by weight of MgCl₂.
 33. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.
 34. The method according to claim 2, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.
 35. The method according to claim 13, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.
 36. The method according to claim 18, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.
 37. The method according to claim 28, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a magnesium content higher than 3% by weight.
 38. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.
 39. The method according to claim 2, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.
 40. The method according to claim 13, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.
 41. The method according to claim 18, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight.
 42. The method according to claim 28, wherein the metal is an aluminum alloy having a silicon content higher than 10% by weight. 